Different types of concrete grades and their uses. Whether you are looking for the right domestic or commercial concrete mix for your construction job, or are just curious about the different grades of concrete and would like to know more, read on to get an understanding of these different types of concrete and their uses, or get in contact today by calling us on 05. Honda recommends a minimum 91-octane fuel for the MDX/Pilot but advises that 87 octane is acceptable for short-term use. However, don't tow anything or go drag racing if you decide to use 87 octane; Honda warns that the high-compression engine in the Acura MDX/Pilot can begin to knock and ping if it is strained while using low octane gas. Inverse Functions. An inverse function goes the other way! Let us start with an example: Here we have the function f(x) = 2x+3, written as a flow diagram. The Inverse Function goes the other way. Tap size: NF/NC UNF/UNC: Threads per inch: Basic major dia (inches) Basic effective dia (inches) Basic minor dia of ext. Threads (inches) Basic minor dia of int. Threads (inches).
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This article throws light upon the seven main types of business function
Type # 1. Purchase Function:
Materials required for production of commodities should be procured on economic terms and should be utilised in efficient manner to achieve maximum productivity. In this function the finance manager plays a key role in providing finance.
In order to minimise cost and exercise maximum control, various material management techniques such as economic order quantity (EOQ), determination of stock level, perpetual inventory system etc. are applied. The task of the finance manager is to arrange the availability of cash when the bills for purchase become due.
Type # 2. Productivity Function:
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Production function occupies the dominant position in business activities and it is a continuous process. The production cycle depends largely on the marketing function because production is justified when they are resulted in revenues through sales.
Production function involves heavy investment in fixed assets and in working capital. Naturally, a tighter control by the finance manager on the investment in productive assets becomes necessary. It must be seen that there is neither over-capitalisation nor under-capitalisation. Cost-benefit criteria should be the prime guide in allocating funds and therefore finance and production manager should work in unison.
Type # 3. Distribution Function:
As goods produced are meant for sale, distribution function is an important business activity. It is more important because it provides continuous inflow of cash to meet the outflow thereof. So while choosing different distributing channels, media of advertisement and sales promotion devices, the cost benefit criterion should be the guiding factor.
If cost reduction in distribution function is effected without compromising efficiency, it will lead to increased benefit to the enterprise in the form of higher profit and to the consumers in the form of lower cost.
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As every aspect of distributory function involves cash outflow and every distributing activity is aimed at bringing about inflow of cash, both the functions are closely inter-related and hence should be carried out in close unison.
Type # 4. Accounting Function:
Charles Gastenberg visualises the influence of scientific arrangement of records, with the help of which inflow and outflow of funds can be efficiently managed and stocks and bonds can be efficiently marketed. Moreover, the efficiency of the whole organisation can be greatly improved with correct recording of financial data.
Type Fu 4 7 15 Full
All the accounting tools and control devices, necessary for appraisal of finance policy can be correctly formulated if the accounting data are properly recorded.
For example, the cost of raising funds, expected returns on the investment of such funds, liquidity position, forecasting of sales, etc. can be effectively carried out if the financial data so recorded are reliable. Hence, the relationship between accounting and finance is intimate and the finance manager has to depend heavily on the accuracy of the accounting data.
Type # 5. Personnel Function:
Personnel function has assumed a prominent place in the domain of business management. No business function can be carried out efficiently unless there is a sound personnel policy backed up by efficient management of personnel. Success or failure of every business activity boils down to the efficiency of otherwise of the men entrusted with the respective function.
A sound personnel policy includes proper wage structure, incentives schemes, promotional opportunity, human resource development and other fringe benefits provided to the employees. All these matters affect finance. But the finance manager should know that organisation can afford to pay only what it can bear.
It means that expenditure incurred on personnel management and the expected return on such investment through labour productivity should be considered in framing a sound personnel policy. Therefore, the relation between the finance and personnel department should be intimate.
Type # 6. Research and Development:
In the world of innovations and competitiveness, expenditure on research and development is a productive investment and R and D itself is an aid to survival and growth of the firm. Unless there is a constant endeavour for improvement and sophistication of an existing product and introduction of newer varieties, the firm is bound to be gradually out marketed and out of existence.
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However, sometimes expenditure on R and D invovles a heavier amount, disproportionate to the financial capacity of the firm in such a case, it financially cripples the enterprise and the expenditure ultimately ends in a fiasco.
On the other hand, heavily cutting down expenditure of R and D blocks the scope of improvement and diversification of the product. So, there must be a balance between the amount necessary for continuing R and D work and the funds available for such a purpose. Usually, this balance is struck out by joining efforts of finance manager and the person at the helm of R & D.
Type # 7. Financial Management and Economics:
Financial management draws heavily on Economics for its theoretical concepts. The development of the theory of finance began as an offshoot of the study of economics. A finance manager has to be familiar with the two areas of economics, i.e. microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics deals with the economic decisions of individuals and firms, whereas macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole in which a particular business unit is operating.
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The concepts of microeconomics help a finance manager in developing decision models like fixation of prices, cost volume profit analysis, break even analysis, inventory management decisions, long-term investment decisions called capital budgeting, cash and receivables management models or working capital management decisions etc.
A firm is also influenced by the overall performance of the economy as it is dependent upon the money and capital markets for the procurement of investible funds. The finance manager should, thus, recognise and understand the macroeconomic theories, monetary and fiscal policies and their impact on the economy as a whole and the firm in particular.
Related Articles:- Finance Functions of Business: Meaning and Objectives
- Finance Function: Meaning and Approaches
- Top 5 Functions of a Finance Manager | Financial Management
- Top 7 Functions of Finance Manager | Manager | Financial Management
Different types of concrete grades and their uses
Whether you are looking for the right domestic or commercial concrete mix for your construction job, or are just curious about the different grades of concrete and would like to know more, read on to get an understanding of these different types of concrete and their uses, or get in contact today by calling us on 01442 389105
Understanding Grades of Concrete
Grades of concrete are defined by the strength and composition of the concrete, and the minimum strength the concrete should have following 28 days of initial construction. The grade of concrete is understood in measurements of MPa, where M stands for mix and the MPa denotes the overall strength.
Concrete mixes are defined in ascending numbers of 5, starting at 10, and show the compressive strength of the concrete after 28 days. For instance, C10 has the strength of 10 newtons, C15 has the strength of 15 newtons, C20 has 20 newtons strength and so on.
Different mixes (M) come in various mix proportions of the various ingredients of cement, sand and coarse aggregates. For instance, M20 comes in the respective ratio of 1:1:5:3. You can see other examples below in the table.
| Concrete Grade | Mix Ratio (cement : sand : aggregates) | Compressive Strength | |
| MPa (N/mm2) | psi | ||
| Grades of Concrete | |||
| M5 | 1 : 5 : 10 | 5 MPa | 725 psi |
| M7.5 | 1 : 4 : 8 | 7.5 MPa | 1087 psi |
| M10 | 1 : 3 : 6 | 10 MPa | 1450 psi |
| M15 | 1 : 2 : 4 | 15 MPa | 2175 psi |
| M20 | 1 : 1.5 : 3 | 20 MPa | 2900 psi |
| Standard Grade of Concrete | |||
| M25 | 1 : 1 : 2 | 25 MPa | 3625 psi |
| M30 | Design Mix | 30 MPa | 4350 psi |
| M35 | Design Mix | 35 MPa | 5075 psi |
| M40 | Design Mix | 40 MPa | 5800 psi |
| M45 | Design Mix | 45 MPa | 6525 psi |
| High Strength Concrete Grades | |||
| M50 | Design Mix | 50 MPa | 7250 psi |
| M55 | Design Mix | 55 MPa | 7975 psi |
| M60 | Design Mix | 60 MPa | 8700 psi |
| M65 | Design Mix | 65 MPa | 9425 psi |
| M70 | Design Mix | 70 MPa | 10150 psi |
(image provided by 9images)
Choosing the right concrete grade for the construction job:
So what can these grades be used for and which is best for the job at hand? Below is a list of a few of the initial concrete grades and what they are best used for.
C10
Used for: Patio slabs, pathways and non-structural work
Type: Domestic & commercial use
C15
Used for: Pavement kerbs and floor blinding
Type: Domestic & Commercial
Type Fu 4 7 153
C20
Used for: Domestic floors and foundations (where the weight of structure will be lighter). Also good for workshop bases, garages, driveways and internal floor slabs.
Type: Domestic
C25
Used for: Construction in all areas. Multi-purpose concrete mix, usually used for foundations.
Type: Domestic & Commercial
C30
Used for: Pathways and roadways (this is the lowest grade concrete mix that can be used for this purpose). More durable than the grades that have come before, and thus is much more weather-resistant and can take heavy road traffic.
Type: Commercial
C35
Used for: Commercial structures. This heavy concrete mix is usually used for creating external walls and slabs, as well as for structural piling.
Type: Commercial
Type # 7. Financial Management and Economics:
Financial management draws heavily on Economics for its theoretical concepts. The development of the theory of finance began as an offshoot of the study of economics. A finance manager has to be familiar with the two areas of economics, i.e. microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics deals with the economic decisions of individuals and firms, whereas macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole in which a particular business unit is operating.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
The concepts of microeconomics help a finance manager in developing decision models like fixation of prices, cost volume profit analysis, break even analysis, inventory management decisions, long-term investment decisions called capital budgeting, cash and receivables management models or working capital management decisions etc.
A firm is also influenced by the overall performance of the economy as it is dependent upon the money and capital markets for the procurement of investible funds. The finance manager should, thus, recognise and understand the macroeconomic theories, monetary and fiscal policies and their impact on the economy as a whole and the firm in particular.
Related Articles:- Finance Functions of Business: Meaning and Objectives
- Finance Function: Meaning and Approaches
- Top 5 Functions of a Finance Manager | Financial Management
- Top 7 Functions of Finance Manager | Manager | Financial Management
Different types of concrete grades and their uses
Whether you are looking for the right domestic or commercial concrete mix for your construction job, or are just curious about the different grades of concrete and would like to know more, read on to get an understanding of these different types of concrete and their uses, or get in contact today by calling us on 01442 389105
Understanding Grades of Concrete
Grades of concrete are defined by the strength and composition of the concrete, and the minimum strength the concrete should have following 28 days of initial construction. The grade of concrete is understood in measurements of MPa, where M stands for mix and the MPa denotes the overall strength.
Concrete mixes are defined in ascending numbers of 5, starting at 10, and show the compressive strength of the concrete after 28 days. For instance, C10 has the strength of 10 newtons, C15 has the strength of 15 newtons, C20 has 20 newtons strength and so on.
Different mixes (M) come in various mix proportions of the various ingredients of cement, sand and coarse aggregates. For instance, M20 comes in the respective ratio of 1:1:5:3. You can see other examples below in the table.
| Concrete Grade | Mix Ratio (cement : sand : aggregates) | Compressive Strength | |
| MPa (N/mm2) | psi | ||
| Grades of Concrete | |||
| M5 | 1 : 5 : 10 | 5 MPa | 725 psi |
| M7.5 | 1 : 4 : 8 | 7.5 MPa | 1087 psi |
| M10 | 1 : 3 : 6 | 10 MPa | 1450 psi |
| M15 | 1 : 2 : 4 | 15 MPa | 2175 psi |
| M20 | 1 : 1.5 : 3 | 20 MPa | 2900 psi |
| Standard Grade of Concrete | |||
| M25 | 1 : 1 : 2 | 25 MPa | 3625 psi |
| M30 | Design Mix | 30 MPa | 4350 psi |
| M35 | Design Mix | 35 MPa | 5075 psi |
| M40 | Design Mix | 40 MPa | 5800 psi |
| M45 | Design Mix | 45 MPa | 6525 psi |
| High Strength Concrete Grades | |||
| M50 | Design Mix | 50 MPa | 7250 psi |
| M55 | Design Mix | 55 MPa | 7975 psi |
| M60 | Design Mix | 60 MPa | 8700 psi |
| M65 | Design Mix | 65 MPa | 9425 psi |
| M70 | Design Mix | 70 MPa | 10150 psi |
(image provided by 9images)
Choosing the right concrete grade for the construction job:
So what can these grades be used for and which is best for the job at hand? Below is a list of a few of the initial concrete grades and what they are best used for.
C10
Used for: Patio slabs, pathways and non-structural work
Type: Domestic & commercial use
C15
Used for: Pavement kerbs and floor blinding
Type: Domestic & Commercial
Type Fu 4 7 153
C20
Used for: Domestic floors and foundations (where the weight of structure will be lighter). Also good for workshop bases, garages, driveways and internal floor slabs.
Type: Domestic
C25
Used for: Construction in all areas. Multi-purpose concrete mix, usually used for foundations.
Type: Domestic & Commercial
C30
Used for: Pathways and roadways (this is the lowest grade concrete mix that can be used for this purpose). More durable than the grades that have come before, and thus is much more weather-resistant and can take heavy road traffic.
Type: Commercial
C35
Used for: Commercial structures. This heavy concrete mix is usually used for creating external walls and slabs, as well as for structural piling.
Type: Commercial
C40
Used for: Commercial construction sites, creating foundations and beams for structural support and roads. The most durable in this list, C40 can withstand chemical corrosion also, so is frequently used on farms where slurry could corrode structures, or in septic tanks.
Type: Commercial
We hope you found this guide useful, and if you are interested in learning more, visit our blog for more information on the concrete types available to you.
